NumPy's ndarray: a multidimensional array object

1. ndarray object is an N-dimensional array object and a flexible and fast big data container
   You can use the array of ndarray to perform some mathematical operations on the whole block of data
2. ndarray is a general multi-dimensional container of homogeneous data, that is, the elements in it must be of the same type
3. Each array has a shape (tuple representing the size of each dimension) and a dtype (indicating array array type)

Create ndarray

1. Using the array function, the array function takes all sequential objects (including other arrays) and produces a new NumPy array with the incoming data
2. A nested sequence (such as a long list made up of a set of equal length lists) will be converted into a set of multidimensional arrays
3. np.array infers a suitable data type for the new array, which is stored in the dtype object
4. np.zero, np.ones and np.empty can create new arrays and return arrays with 0, 1 and no specific value (garbage value). When using these methods to create multidimensional arrays, you need to pass in a tuple representing the shape
5. Np.range can return one-dimensional array, which is similar to range
   (NumPy focuses on numerical calculation. If there is no special specification, the data type is basically float64.)

import numpy as np

# Using the array function to create a new array of ndarray s
arr = np.array([1,2,3])
print(arr)

# data type
print(arr.dtype)
print(arr.shape)

# asarray converts input to ndarray
num = [1,2,3,4,5]
arr2 = np.asarray(num)
print(arr2)

# range function, which returns one-dimensional darray
arr3 = np.arange(10)
print(arr3)

# ones, zeros creates an array of all 1 / all 0 according to the specified shape and dtype
arr4 = np.ones((2,2), dtype = 'int16')
print(arr4)

arr5 = np.zeros((2,3))
print(arr5)

# One's like, zero's like create an array similar to the specified array, which is 1 / 0
arr6 = np.ones_like(arr2)
print(arr6)

arr7 = np.zeros_like((3,4))
print(arr7)

# empty creates a new array, allocates only memory space and does not fill any values
arr8 = np.empty((2,2))
print(arr8)

# Empty? Like creates an array similar to the specified array
arr9 = np.empty_like((2,2),dtype='int64')
print(arr9)

# eye, identity creates a square N*N unit matrix (the diagonal is 1, the rest is 0)
arr10 = np.eye((3))
print(arr10)

arr11 = np.identity((4),dtype = 'float64')
print(arr11)

Data type of darray

1. Naming method of dtyped: type name + number representing the bit length of each element
   e.g. float64, int16, int32
2. Convert dtype through darray's astype method, and a new array (a copy of the original data) will be created
3. Note that floating-point numbers, such as float32 and float64, can only represent approximate fractional values. In complex calculations, this operation can only be effective within a certain number of decimal places because some floating-point errors may accumulate

arr = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
arr.dtype     # dtype('int32')

float_arr = arr.astype('float64')
float_arr.dtype   # dtype('float64')

Basic indexes and slices

1. When a scalar is assigned to a slice, the value is broadcast to the entire selection. Array slice is the view of the original array. Any modification is made in the source array
2. If you want to slice a copy, you need to use arr[1:3].copy()
3. High dimensional arrays return indexes in order from low dimension to high dimension

Slice index

1. High dimensional array can pass in multiple slices at a time
 2. High dimensional array can mix integer index and slice to return low dimensional slice

# Broadcast of slices
arr = np.arange(10)
print(arr[1:3])
arr[1:3] = 11
print(arr)

# Slice copy
arr_copy = arr[:].copy()
print(arr_copy)

# High dimensional array index
arr2d = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]])
print(arr_n[0][1])

# Slice high dimensional array
arr2d[:2,:1]
arr2d[2,:2]

Boolean index

1. Boolean index: a Boolean ndarray object

names = np.array(['Bob','Joe','Will','Joe','Joe'])
names == 'Joe'  # array([False,  True, False,  True,  True])

1. You can use a Boolean index as an array index, but the length of the Boolean array must be the same as the length of the axis being indexed
2. You can also mix Boolean indexes with slices and integers

Fancy indexing

Index with integer array

Array transpose and axis exchange

1. Transpose to return to the source data view. Simple transpose. T

arr = np.arange(15).reshape((3,5))
arr.T

1. To transpose a high dimensional array, you need to get a tuple of axis numbers to transpose the axes

arr = np.arange(16).reshape((2,2,4))
arr.transpose((1,0,2))

1. Using the swaaxes method, you need to accept a pair of axis numbers and return to the source data view

arr.swapaxes(1,2)