The Python interpreter has a number of functions and types built into it that are always available. They are listed here in alphabetical order.

Detailed Interpretation of Built-in Functions

abs(x)

# If the parameter is a complex number, its size is returned.
 >>> abs(-25)
25
 >>> abs(25)
25

all(iterable)

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>>> all([])
True
>>> all([1,2,3])
True
>>> all([1,2,""])
False
 # If one is false, all are false.
>>> all([1,2,None])
False

False parameters are: False, 0, None, "",[], (), {} and so on. To check whether an element is false, bool can be used to view it.

any(iterable)

 >>> any([0,1])
True
 >>> any([0])
False

ascii(object)

 >>> class Foo:
 ...  def __repr_(self):
 ...     return "hello"
 ...
 >>> obj = Foo()
 >>> r = ascii(obj)
 >>> print(r)
# Returns an iterative object
<__main__.Foo object at 0x000001FDEE13D320>

bin(x)

Converting integer x to a binary string, if x is not an int type in Python, x must contain the method _index_() and return an integer value

# Returns an integer binary
 >>> bin(999)
'0b1111100111'

# In non-integer cases, you must include the type of integer whose tangent return value of the _index_() method is integer
 >>> class myType:
 ...   def __index__(self):
 ...       return 35
 ...
 >>> myvar = myType()
 >>> bin(myvar)
'0b100011'

bool([x])

Look at the Boolean value of an element, either true or false

 >>> bool(0)
False
 >>> bool(1)
True
 >>> bool([1])
True
 >>> bool([10])
True

bytearray([source [, encoding [, errors]]])

Sorce parameter:

1. If the source is an integer, an initialized array with a length of source is returned.
2. If source is a string, the string is converted to a byte sequence according to the specified encoding.
3. If source is an iterative type, the element must be an integer in [0, 255].
4. If source is an object consistent with the buffer interface, this object can also be used to initialize bytearray..

 >>> bytearray(3)
bytearray(b'\x00\x00\x00')

bytes([source[, encoding[, errors]]])

 >>> bytes("asdasd",encoding="utf-8")
b'asdasd'

callable(object)

 >>> def func():
 ...  return 123
 ...
 >>> callable(func)
True
 >>> func = 123
 >>> callable(func)
False

chr(i)

 >>> chr(66)
'B'
 >>> chr(5)
'\x05'
 >>> chr(55)
'7'
 >>> chr(255)
'\xff'
 >>> chr(25)
'\x19'
 >>> chr(65)
'A'

classmethod(function)

compile(source, filename, mode, flags=0, dont_inherit=False, optimize=-1)

 >>> str = "for i in range(0,10): print(i)"
 >>> c = compile(str,'','exec')
 >>> exec(c)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

complex([real[, imag]])

 >>> complex(1, 2)
(1+2j)
# number
 >>> complex(1)
(1+0j)
# Processing as a string
 >>> complex("1")
(1+0j)
# Note: This place should not have spaces on either side of the'+', that is, it can not be written as'+2j', it should be'+2j', otherwise it will be wrong.
 >>> complex("1+2j")
(1+2j)

delattr(object, name)

>>> class cls:
...   @classmethod
...   def echo(self):
...     print('CLS')
... 
>>> cls.echo()
CLS
>>> delattr(cls, 'echo')
>>> cls.echo()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: type object 'cls' has no attribute 'echo'

dict(**kwarg)

 >>> dic = dict({"k1":"123","k2":"456"})
 >>> dic
{'k1': '123', 'k2': '456'}

dir([object])

 >>> dir(str)
['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getnewargs__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce\_ex__', '__repr__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'capitalize', 'casefold', 'center', 'count', 'encode', 'endswith', 'expandtabs', 'find', 'format', 'format_map', 'index', 'isalnum', 'isalpha', 'isdecimal', 'isdigit', 'isidentifier', 'islower', 'isnumeric', 'isprintable', 'isspace', 'istitle', 'isupper', 'join', 'ljust', 'lower', 'lstrip', 'maketrans', 'partition', 'replace', 'rfind', 'rindex', 'rjust', 'rpartition', 'rsplit', 'rstrip', 'split', 'splitlines', 'startswith', 'strip', 'swapcase', 'title', 'translate', 'upper', 'zfill']

divmod(a, b)

 >>> divmod(10, 3)
(3, 1)

enumerate(iterable, start=0)

 >>> li = ["a","b","c"]
 >>> for n,k in enumerate(li):
 ...  print(n,k)
 ...
0 a
1 b
2 c

eval(expression, globals=None, locals=None)

 >>> string = "1 + 3"
 >>> string
'1 + 3'
 >>> eval(string)
4

exec(object[, globals[, locals]])

 >>> exec("for n in range(5): print(n)")
0
1
2
3
4

filter(function, iterable)

 >>> def func(x):
 ...  if x == 11 or x == 22:
 ...    return True
 ...
 >>> ret = filter(func,[11,22,33,44])
 >>> for n in ret:
 ...  print(n)
 ...
11
22

>>> list(filter((lambda x: x > 0),range(-5,5)))
[1, 2, 3, 4]

float([x])

 >>> float("124")
124.0
 >>> float("123.45")
123.45
 >>> float("-123.34")
-123.34

format(value[, format_spec])

Detailed key: https://blog.ansheng.me/article/python-full-stack-way-string-formatting/

frozenset([iterable])

getattr(object, name[, default])

globals()

>>> a = "12"
>>> bsd = "54asd"
>>> globals()
{'__doc__': None, 'a': '12', '__loader__': <class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>, 'bsd': '54asd', '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, 'n': '__doc__', '__name__': '__main__', '__spec__': None, '__package__': None}

hasattr(object, name)

hash(object)

 >>> a = "asdadasdwqeq234sdfdf"
 >>> hash(a)
5390438057823015497

help([object])

 >>> help(list)
Help on class list in module __builtin__:

class list(object)
 |  list() -> new empty list
 |  list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable's items
 |  
 |  Methods defined here:
 |  
 |  __add__(...)
 |      x.__add__(y) <==> x+y
 |  
 |  __contains__(...)
 |      x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x
 |  
 |  __delitem__(...)
 |      x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y]
 |  
 |  __delslice__(...)
 |      x.__delslice__(i, j) <==> del x[i:j]
 |      
 |      Use of negative indices is not supported.
..........

hex(x)

 >>> hex(13)
'0xd'

id(object)

 >>> a = 123
 >>> id(a)
1835400816

input([prompt])

 >>> name = input("Pless your name: ")
Pless your name: ansheng
 >>> print(name)
ansheng

int(x, base=10)

 >>> int("31")
31

 >>> int(10)
10
 >>> int('0b11',base=2)
3
 >>> int('11',base=8)
9
 >>> int('0xe',base=16)
14

isinstance(object, classinfo)

>>> li = [11,22,33]
>>> isinstance(li,list)
True

issubclass(class, classinfo)

iter(object[, sentinel])

 >>> obj = iter([11,22,33,44])
 >>> obj
<list_iterator object at 0x000002477DB25198>
 >>> for n in obj:
 ...  print(n)
 ...
11
22
33
44

len(s)

 >>> url="ansheng.me"
 >>> len(url)
10

list([iterable])

 >>> li = list([11,22,33,44])
 >>> li
[11, 22, 33, 44]

locals()

 >>> func()
 >>> def func():
 ...  name="ansheng"
 ...  print(locals())
 ...
 >>> func()
{'name': 'ansheng'}

map(function, iterable, ...)

>>> list(map((lambda x : x +10),[1,2,3,4]))
[11, 12, 13, 14]

max(iterable, *[, key, default])

max(arg1, arg2, *args[, key])

 >>> li = list([11,22,33,44])
 >>> li = [11,22,33,44]
 >>> max(li)
44

memoryview(obj)

 >>> import struct
 >>> buf = struct.pack("i"*12, *list(range(12)))
 >>> x = memoryview(buf)
 >>> y = x.cast('i', shape=[2,2,3])
 >>> print(y.tolist())
[[[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5]], [[6, 7, 8], [9, 10, 11]]]

min(iterable, *[, key, default])

min(arg1, arg2, *args[, key])

 >>> li = list([11,22,33,44])
 >>> li = [11,22,33,44]
 >>> min(li)
11

next(iterator[, default])

 >>> obj = iter([11,22,33,44])
 >>> next(obj)
11
 >>> next(obj)
22
 >>> next(obj)
33
 >>> next(obj)
44
 >>> next(obj)
 # If there are no iterative elements, the error will be reported.
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
StopIteration

object

oct(x)

 >>> oct(13)
'0o15'

open(file, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None, closefd=True, opener=None)

 # Open a file
- >>> f = open("a.txt","r")

ord©

 >>> ord("a")
97
 >>> ord("t")
116

pow(x, y[, z])

 >>> pow(2, 10)
1024
 >>> pow(2, 20)
1048576

print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)

 >>> print("hello word")
hello word

property(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None)

range(start, stop[, step])

 >>> range(10)
range(0, 10)
 >>> for n in range(5):
 ...  print(n)
 ...
0
1
2
3
4

repr(object)

>>> repr(111)
'111'
>>> repr(111.11)
'111.11'

reversed(seq)

 >>> li = [1, 2, 3, 4]
 >>> reversed(li)
<list_reverseiterator object at 0x000002CF0EF6A940>
 >>> for n in reversed(li):
 ...  print(n)
 ...
4
3
2
1

round(number[, ndigits])

 >>> round(3.3)
3
 >>> round(3.7)
4

set([iterable])

 >>> varss = set([11,222,333])
 >>> type(varss)
<class 'set'>

setattr(object, name, value)

slice(start, stop[, step])

sorted(iterable[, key][, reverse])

Code:

#!/usr/bin/env python
# _*_ coding:utf-8 _*_

char=['Zhao',"123", "1", "25", "65","679999999999", "a","B","alex","c" ,"A", "_", "ᒲ",'a money','Grandchildren','plum',"more than", 'She',"Tuo", "A kind of", "iridium", "Poppy and clappery, clappery and clappery, clappery and clappery, clappery and clappery, clappery and clappery, clappery and clappery, clappery and clappery."]

new_chat = sorted(char)
print(new_chat)
for i in new_chat:
    print(bytes(i, encoding='utf-8'))

Output results:

C:\Python35\python.exe F:/Python_code/Note/soretd.py
['1', '123', '25', '65', '679999999999', 'A', 'B', '_', 'a', 'alex', 'a money', 'c', 'ᒲ', 'A kind of', 'Tuo', 'She', 'more than', 'Grandchildren', 'plum', 'Zhao', 'Poppy and clappery, clappery and clappery, clappery and clappery, clappery and clappery, clappery and clappery, clappery and clappery, clappery and clappery.', 'iridium']
b'1'
b'123'
b'25'
b'65'
b'679999999999'
b'A'
b'B'
b'_'
b'a'
b'alex'
b'a\xe9\x92\xb1'
b'c'
b'\xe1\x92\xb2'
b'\xe3\xbd\x99'
b'\xe4\xbd\x97'
b'\xe4\xbd\x98'
b'\xe4\xbd\x99'
b'\xe5\xad\x99'
b'\xe6\x9d\x8e'
b'\xe8\xb5\xb5'
b'\xe9\x92\xb2\xe9\x92\xb2\xe3\xbd\x99\xe3\xbd\x99\xe3\xbd\x99'
b'\xe9\x93\xb1'

Process finished with exit code 0

staticmethod(function)

str(object=b'', encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')

 >>> a = str(111)
 >>> type(a)
<class 'str'>

sum(iterable[, start])

 >>> sum([11,22,33])
66

super([type[, object-or-type]])

tuple([iterable])

>>> tup = tuple([11,22,33,44])
>>> type(tup)
<class 'tuple'>

type(object)

 >>> a = 1
 >>> type(a)
<class 'int'>
 >>> a = "str"
 >>> type(a)
<class 'str'>

vars([object])

See how many variables are in an object

zip(*iterables)

>>> li1 = ["k1","k2","k3"]
>>> li2 = ["a","b","c"]
>>> d = dict(zip(li1,li2))
>>> d
{'k1': 'a', 'k2': 'b', 'k3': 'c'}

import(name, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=(), level=0)

Generate an example of random validation code

Generate a six-bit random validation code with random numbers and positions

# Import random module
import random
temp = ""
for i in range(6):
    num = random.randrange(0,4)
    if num == 3 or num == 1:
        rad2 = random.randrange(0,10)
        temp = temp + str(rad2)
    else:
        rad1 = random.randrange(65,91)
        c1 = chr(rad1)
        temp = temp + c1
print(temp)

Output results

C:\Python35\python.exe F:/Python_code/sublime/Day06/built_in.py
72TD11

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