Chapter VIII software package management

Keywords: Linux Operation & Maintenance architecture DevOps Cloud Native

1. Software operation and compilation

1.1 software related concepts

1.1.1 ABI

ABI : Application Binary Interface

Windows is incompatible with Linux

ELF(Executable and Linkable Format)
PE(Portable Executable)

Library level virtualization:

Linux: WINE
Windows: Cygwin

1.1.2 API

API is the Application Programming Interface. API can be implemented on various operating systems to provide the same interface for applications, but their implementation on these systems may be very different. There are two mainstream operating systems, one is Windows system and the other is Linux system. Due to different operating systems, APIs are divided into Windows API and Linux API. The software developed on Windows platform cannot run on Linux, and the software developed on Linux cannot run on windows, which leads to the difficulty of software transplantation. The emergence of POSIX standard is to solve this problem

POSIX: Portable Operating System Interface portable operating system interface defines the interface standards that the operating system should provide for applications. It is the general name of a series of API standards defined by IEEE for software to run on various UNIX operating systems.
Both Linux and windows should implement the basic posix standard, and the program is portable at the source code level

1.1.3 development language

System level development

assembly language
C
C++

Application level development

java
Python
go
php
perl
delphi
basic
ruby
bash

1.2 C language program compilation process

C program source code -- > preprocessing -- > compilation -- > assembly -- > link

The program compilation of C language mainly goes through four processes:

Pre processing

1) Delete all the #definitions and expand all the macro definitions

2) Handle all conditional precompiled instructions, such as #if #ifdef #elif #else #endif, etc

3) Process #include precompiled instructions and insert the included files into the location of the precompiled instructions.

4) Delete all comments "/ /" and "/ * * /"

5) Add line number and file ID to generate debugging line number and compilation error warning line number during compilation.

6) Keep all the #pragma compiler directives because the compiler needs to use them
Compiling

The compilation process is to perform a series of lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis and Optimization on the preprocessed files, and finally generate the corresponding assembly code
Assembling
Assembler is to convert assembly code into machine executable commands. Almost every assembly statement corresponds to a machine instruction. Assembly is relatively simple compared with the compilation process. It can be translated one by one according to the comparison table of assembly instructions and machine instructions
Linking
By calling the linker ld to link a large number of target files required for program operation and other library files, and finally generate executable files

Example: gcc compilation process

#Step by step compilation and operation
gcc -E hello.c -o hello.i yes hello.c The file is preprocessed and generated hello.i file
gcc -S hello.i -o hello.s The preprocessing file is compiled and the assembly file is generated
gcc -c hello.s -o hello.o Compile the assembly file and generate the object file
gcc hello.o -o hello Link the target file to generate an executable file

#One step implementation of the compilation process
gcc hello.c -o hello Directly compile and link to an executable object file

example:

[root@rocky8 ~]# cat hello.c 
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
    printf("Hello,world\n");
}

[root@rocky8 ~]# gcc
-bash: gcc: command not found
[root@rocky8 ~]# dnf -y install gcc

[root@rocky8 ~]# gcc hello.c -o hello #compile
[root@rocky8 ~]# ll hello
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 12848 Oct 13 13:55 hello
[root@rocky8 ~]# file hello
hello: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0, BuildID[sha1]=06a605f75e95ed2eb0c8cc38730df3fdc4fff71b, not stripped
[root@rocky8 ~]# ./hello 
Hello,world

1.3 static and dynamic links of software modules

The main function of link is to handle the parts referenced by each module, so that each module can be correctly connected, which is divided into static and dynamic links

1.3.1 static link

Copy a copy of the dependent library corresponding to the program to the package
Generate the module file libxxx.a
Embedded package
The upgrade is difficult and needs to be recompiled
It takes up more space and is easy to migrate

1.3.2 dynamic link

Only add dependencies as a dynamic link
Generate the module file libxxx.so
Connection pointing
It takes up less space and is easy to upgrade

1.3.3 module (Library) files

View library files on which binaries depend

ldd /PATH/TO/BINARY_FILE

Manage and view locally loaded library files

#Loads the library file specified in the configuration file
ldconfig

#Displays all available library file names and file path mapping relationships that have been cached locally
/sbin/ldconfig –p

Profile:

/etc/ld.so.conf,
/etc/ld.so.conf.d/*.conf

Cache file:

/etc/ld.so.cache

example:

[root@rocky8 ~]# ldconfig
[root@rocky8 ~]# ldconfig -p #View libraries loaded in memory
333 libs found in cache `/etc/ld.so.cache'
	p11-kit-trust.so (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/p11-kit-trust.so
	libzstd.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libzstd.so.1
	libz.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libz.so.1
	libyaml-0.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libyaml-0.so.2
	libxtables.so.12 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxtables.so.12
	libxslt.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxslt.so.1
	libxml2.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxml2.so.2
	libxmlsec1.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlsec1.so.1
	libxmlsec1-openssl.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlsec1-openssl.so.1
	libxmlsec1-openssl.so (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlsec1-openssl.so
	libxkbcommon.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxkbcommon.so.0
	libvmtools.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libvmtools.so.0
	libvgauth.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libvgauth.so.0
	libverto.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libverto.so.1
	libuuid.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libuuid.so.1
	libutil.so.1 (libc6,x86-64, OS ABI: Linux 3.2.0) => /lib64/libutil.so.1
	libutil.so (libc6,x86-64, OS ABI: Linux 3.2.0) => /lib64/libutil.so
	libutempter.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libutempter.so.0
	libuser.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libuser.so.1
	libusb-1.0.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libusb-1.0.so.0
	libunistring.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libunistring.so.2
	libunbound.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libunbound.so.2
	libulockmgr.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libulockmgr.so.1
	libudev.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libudev.so.1
	libtss2-tctildr.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libtss2-tctildr.so.0
	libtss2-tcti-mssim.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libtss2-tcti-mssim.so.0
	libtss2-tcti-device.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libtss2-tcti-device.so.0
	libtss2-sys.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libtss2-sys.so.0
	libtss2-rc.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libtss2-rc.so.0
	libtss2-mu.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libtss2-mu.so.0
	libtss2-esys.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libtss2-esys.so.0
	libtspi.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libtspi.so.1
	libtirpc.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libtirpc.so.3
	libtinfo.so.6 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libtinfo.so.6
	libtinfo.so.5 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libtinfo.so.5
	libtic.so.6 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libtic.so.6
	libtic.so.5 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libtic.so.5
	libthread_db.so.1 (libc6,x86-64, OS ABI: Linux 3.2.0) => /lib64/libthread_db.so.1
	libthread_db.so (libc6,x86-64, OS ABI: Linux 3.2.0) => /lib64/libthread_db.so
	libtevent.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libtevent.so.0
	libteamdctl.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libteamdctl.so.0
	libteam.so.5 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libteam.so.5
	libtdb.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libtdb.so.1
	libtasn1.so.6 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libtasn1.so.6
	libtalloc.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libtalloc.so.2
	libsystemd.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libsystemd.so.0
	libsysfs.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libsysfs.so.2
	libstdc++.so.6 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libstdc++.so.6
	libsss_sudo.so (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libsss_sudo.so
	libsss_nss_idmap.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libsss_nss_idmap.so.0
	libsss_idmap.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libsss_idmap.so.0
	libsss_certmap.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libsss_certmap.so.0
	libssl3.so (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libssl3.so
	libssl.so.1.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libssl.so.1.1
	libssh.so.4 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libssh.so.4
	libss.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libss.so.2
	libsqlite3.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libsqlite3.so.0
	libsolvext.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libsolvext.so.1
	libsolv.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libsolv.so.1
	libsoftokn3.so (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libsoftokn3.so
	libsnappy.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libsnappy.so.1
	libsmime3.so (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libsmime3.so
	libsmartcols.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libsmartcols.so.1
	libslapi-2.4.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libslapi-2.4.so.2
	libslang.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libslang.so.2
	libsigsegv.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libsigsegv.so.2
	libsgutils2.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libsgutils2.so.2
	libsepol.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libsepol.so.1
	libsemanage.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libsemanage.so.1
	libselinux.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libselinux.so.1
	libsecret-1.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libsecret-1.so.0
	libseccomp.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libseccomp.so.2
	libsasl2.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libsasl2.so.3
	librt.so.1 (libc6,x86-64, OS ABI: Linux 3.2.0) => /lib64/librt.so.1
	librt.so (libc6,x86-64, OS ABI: Linux 3.2.0) => /lib64/librt.so
...

Example: after the library file is destroyed, the dependent program cannot run normally

[root@rocky8 ~]# ldd hello
	linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffd533ae000)
	libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f808d8f8000)
	/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f808dcbd000)
#View software dependency Libraries

[root@rocky8 ~]# ls /lib64/libc.so.6
/lib64/libc.so.6
[root@rocky8 ~]# ll /bin/ls
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 143408 Mar 15  2021 /bin/ls
[root@rocky8 ~]# ldd /bin/ls
	linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffd0658b000)
	libselinux.so.1 => /lib64/libselinux.so.1 (0x00007fb89285c000)
	libcap.so.2 => /lib64/libcap.so.2 (0x00007fb892656000)
	libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007fb892291000)
	libpcre2-8.so.0 => /lib64/libpcre2-8.so.0 (0x00007fb89200d000)
	libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007fb891e09000)
	/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007fb892ca9000)
	libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007fb891be9000)

[root@rocky8 ~]# mv /lib64/libc.so.6 /data
[root@rocky8 ~]# ls
ls: error while loading shared libraries: libc.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
[root@rocky8 ~]# ./hello 
./hello: error while loading shared libraries: libc.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

[root@rocky8 ~]# mv /data/libc.so.6 /lib64/
mv: error while loading shared libraries: libc.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

Enter CD rescue mode

Press ESC and select CD-ROM Drive

Enter troubleshooting

Rescue mode

Input 1

Prompt that the system is mounted to / mnt/sysimage. Press enter

The system root is in / mnt/sysimage

mv /mnt/sysimage/data/libc.s0.6 /mnt/sysimage/lib64

Move the file and exit to restart

[root@rocky8 ~]# ls hello
hello

[root@rocky8 ~]# ll /lib64/libc.so.6
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 12 May 19 04:41 /lib64/libc.so.6 -> libc-2.28.so
#This file is a soft link. If you delete and recreate the soft link, you can restore it

2. Software package and package manager

2.1 software package introduction

Open source software initially provided only the packaged source file of. tar.gz. Users must compile each software they want to run on GNU/Linux. Users urgently need the system to provide a more convenient way to manage these software. When Debian was born, such a management tool dpkg came into being, which can be used to manage the "package" files with deb suffix. Therefore, the famous "package" concept first appeared in GNU/Linux system. Later, Red Hat developed its own rpm package management system

2.1.1 document classification in software package

Binary file
Library file
configuration file
Help file

Example: use the cpio tool to view the package file list

rpm2cpio Package file|cpio –itv Preview files in package
rpm2cpio Package file|cpio –id "*.conf" Release files in package

example:

[root@rocky8 ~]# ls /misc
ls: cannot access '/misc': No such file or directory
[root@rocky8 ~]# ls /misc/cd
ls: cannot access '/misc/cd': No such file or directory
[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -qa autofs
[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -ql autofs
package autofs is not installed
[root@rocky8 ~]# dnf -y install autofs

[root@rocky8 ~]# ls /misc/cd
ls: cannot access '/misc/cd': No such file or directory
[root@rocky8 ~]# systemctl enable --now autofs
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/autofs.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/autofs.service.
[root@rocky8 ~]# ls /misc/cd
AppStream  BaseOS  EFI  images  isolinux  LICENSE  media.repo  TRANS.TBL
[root@rocky8 ~]# cd /misc/cd
[root@rocky8 cd]# ls
AppStream  BaseOS  EFI  images  isolinux  LICENSE  media.repo  TRANS.TBL
[root@rocky8 cd]# cd BaseOS/
[root@rocky8 BaseOS]# ls
Packages  repodata
[root@rocky8 BaseOS]# cd Packages/
[root@rocky8 Packages]# ls
aajohan-comfortaa-fonts-3.001-2.el8.noarch.rpm                          libnetfilter_conntrack-1.0.6-5.el8.x86_64.rpm
accel-config-2.8-1.el8.i686.rpm                                         libnetfilter_cthelper-1.0.0-15.el8.i686.rpm
accel-config-2.8-1.el8.x86_64.rpm                                       libnetfilter_cthelper-1.0.0-15.el8.x86_64.rpm
accel-config-libs-2.8-1.el8.i686.rpm                                    libnetfilter_cttimeout-1.0.0-11.el8.i686.rpm
accel-config-libs-2.8-1.el8.x86_64.rpm                                  libnetfilter_cttimeout-1.0.0-11.el8.x86_64.rpm
acl-2.2.53-1.el8.1.x86_64.rpm                                           libnetfilter_queue-1.0.4-3.el8.i686.rpm
acpica-tools-20180629-3.el8.x86_64.rpm                                  libnetfilter_queue-1.0.4-3.el8.x86_64.rpm
adcli-0.8.2-9.el8.x86_64.rpm                                            libnfnetlink-1.0.1-13.el8.i686.rpm
adcli-doc-0.8.2-9.el8.noarch.rpm                                        libnfnetlink-1.0.1-13.el8.x86_64.rpm
alsa-sof-firmware-1.6.1-2.el8.noarch.rpm                                libnfsidmap-2.3.3-41.el8.i686.rpm
alsa-sof-firmware-debug-1.6.1-2.el8.noarch.rpm                          libnfsidmap-2.3.3-41.el8.x86_64.rpm
...
#There are a lot of rpm packages here

root@ubuntu1804:~# ls /misc
ls: cannot access '/misc': No such file or directory
root@ubuntu1804:~# lsblk
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0  200G  0 disk 
├─sda1   8:1    0  953M  0 part /boot
├─sda2   8:2    0 93.1G  0 part /
├─sda3   8:3    0 46.6G  0 part /data
└─sda4   8:4    0  3.7G  0 part [SWAP]
sr0     11:0    1  964M  0 rom  
root@ubuntu1804:~# mount /dev/sr0 /mnt
mount: /mnt: WARNING: device write-protected, mounted read-only.
root@ubuntu1804:~# cd /mnt/
root@ubuntu1804:/mnt# ls
boot  dists  doc  EFI  install  isolinux  md5sum.txt  pool  preseed  ubuntu
root@ubuntu1804:/mnt# cd pool/
root@ubuntu1804:/mnt/pool# ls
main
root@ubuntu1804:/mnt/pool# cd main/
root@ubuntu1804:/mnt/pool/main# ls
a  c  e  g  i  k  liba  libc  libe  libg  libi  libk  libm  libo  libq  libs  libu  libw  liby  m  o  q  s  u  w  y
b  d  f  h  j  l  libb  libd  libf  libh  libj  libl  libn  libp  libr  libt  libv  libx  libz  n  p  r  t  v  x  z
root@ubuntu1804:/mnt/pool/main# cd a
root@ubuntu1804:/mnt/pool/main/a# ls
aalib            acl      aide       alsa-utils       angular.js  apport           apr-util   aptitude   asn1crypto  at     augeas    automat
accountsservice  acpid    alabaster  amavisd-new      apache2     apport-symptoms  apt        apt-setup  aspell      attr   authbind  avahi
acct             adduser  alsa-lib   amd64-microcode  apparmor    apr              apt-clone  argon2     aspell-en   audit  autofs
root@ubuntu1804:/mnt/pool/main/a# cd aide/
root@ubuntu1804:/mnt/pool/main/a/aide# ls
aide_0.16-3_amd64.deb  aide-common_0.16-3_all.deb

[root@rocky8 Packages]# cp xz-5.2.4-3.el8.1.x86_64.rpm /data
[root@rocky8 Packages]# cd /data
[root@rocky8 data]# ls
xz-5.2.4-3.el8.1.x86_64.rpm
[root@rocky8 data]# rpm2cpio xz-5.2.4-3.el8.1.x86_64.rpm | cpio -tv #View the files in the package
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root          162 Jun 14 22:48 ./etc/profile.d/colorxzgrep.csh
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root          183 Jun 14 22:48 ./etc/profile.d/colorxzgrep.sh
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            2 Jun 14 22:50 ./usr/bin/unxz -> xz
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        84128 Jun 14 22:50 ./usr/bin/xz
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            2 Jun 14 22:50 ./usr/bin/xzcat -> xz
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            6 Jun 14 22:50 ./usr/bin/xzcmp -> xzdiff
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        16864 Jun 14 22:50 ./usr/bin/xzdec
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root         6632 Jun 14 22:50 ./usr/bin/xzdiff
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            6 Jun 14 22:50 ./usr/bin/xzegrep -> xzgrep
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            6 Jun 14 22:50 ./usr/bin/xzfgrep -> xzgrep
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root         5628 Jun 14 22:50 ./usr/bin/xzgrep
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root         1802 Jun 14 22:50 ./usr/bin/xzless
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root         2161 Jun 14 22:50 ./usr/bin/xzmore
drwxr-xr-x   1 root     root            0 Jun 14 22:50 ./usr/lib/.build-id
drwxr-xr-x   1 root     root            0 Jun 14 22:50 ./usr/lib/.build-id/43
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           22 Jun 14 22:50 ./usr/lib/.build-id/43/059ad54ba42a7e5b29db2741a82b96cd80db82 -> ../../../../usr/bin/xz
drwxr-xr-x   1 root     root            0 Jun 14 22:50 ./usr/lib/.build-id/cd
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           25 Jun 14 22:50 ./usr/lib/.build-id/cd/a20bf178f12c3ab7bb39d0291d38e2ec9d7d6a -> ../../../../usr/bin/xzdec
drwxr-xr-x   1 root     root            0 Jun 14 22:50 ./usr/share/doc/xz
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root         1043 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/doc/xz/AUTHORS
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root         2775 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/doc/xz/COPYING
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root        18092 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/doc/xz/COPYING.GPLv2
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root        21413 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/doc/xz/NEWS
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root        13526 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/doc/xz/README
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root         2487 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/doc/xz/THANKS
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root         4040 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/doc/xz/TODO
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root         9411 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/doc/xz/faq.txt
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root         7427 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/doc/xz/history.txt
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root         5689 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/doc/xz/lzma-file-format.txt
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root        43305 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/doc/xz/xz-file-format.txt
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root        21945 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/locale/cs/LC_MESSAGES/xz.mo
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root        26890 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/xz.mo
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root        24677 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES/xz.mo
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root        26091 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES/xz.mo
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root        25679 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES/xz.mo
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root        27593 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/locale/vi/LC_MESSAGES/xz.mo
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            7 Jun 14 22:50 ./usr/share/man/man1/unxz.1.gz -> xz.1.gz
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root        20347 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/man/man1/xz.1.gz
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            7 Jun 14 22:50 ./usr/share/man/man1/xzcat.1.gz -> xz.1.gz
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           11 Jun 14 22:50 ./usr/share/man/man1/xzcmp.1.gz -> xzdiff.1.gz
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root         1283 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/man/man1/xzdec.1.gz
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root          664 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/man/man1/xzdiff.1.gz
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           11 Jun 14 22:50 ./usr/share/man/man1/xzegrep.1.gz -> xzgrep.1.gz
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           11 Jun 14 22:50 ./usr/share/man/man1/xzfgrep.1.gz -> xzgrep.1.gz
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root          700 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/man/man1/xzgrep.1.gz
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root          743 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/man/man1/xzless.1.gz
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root          636 Apr 29  2018 ./usr/share/man/man1/xzmore.1.gz
842 blocks

[root@rocky8 data]# rpm2cpio xz-5.2.4-3.el8.1.x86_64.rpm | cpio -idv ./usr/bin/xz #Unpack
./usr/bin/xz
842 blocks
[root@rocky8 data]# ls
usr  xz-5.2.4-3.el8.1.x86_64.rpm
[root@rocky8 data]# cd usr/
[root@rocky8 usr]# ls
bin
[root@rocky8 usr]# cd bin/
[root@rocky8 bin]# ls
xz
[root@rocky8 bin]#  ll /bin/xz ./xz
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 84128 Jun 14 22:50 /bin/xz
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root root 84128 Oct 13 18:42 ./xz

2.1.2 package manager

Package manager functions:

Package each component file of the compiled application into one or several package files. The package manager can easily and quickly realize the management operations such as package installation, uninstall, query, upgrade and verification

Mainstream package manager

redhat: rpm file, RPM Package Manager, rpm: Redhat Package Manager, RPM Package Manager
debian: deb file, dpkg package manager

2.1.3 package naming

Source code packaging file naming:

name-VERSION.tar.gz|bz2|xz
VERSION: major.minor.release

Example: lines of C source code of the latest Linux kernel

[root@rocky8 ~]# tar xf linux-5.14.12.tar.xz 
[root@rocky8 ~]# cd linux-5.14.12
[root@rocky8 linux-5.14.12]# for file in `find -name "*.c"`;do line=`cat $file|wc -l`;let sum+=line;done;echo $sum
20930776
[root@rocky8 linux-5.14.12]# cat `find -name "*.c"` |wc -l
20930776
[root@rocky8 linux-5.14.12]# find -name "*.c" | xargs cat |wc -l
20930776

rpm package naming method:

name-VERSION-release.arch.rpm
VERSION: major.minor.release
release: release.OS

Common arch:

x86: i386, i486, i586, i686
x86_64: x64, x86_64, amd64
powerpc: ppc
Platform independent: noarch

example:

bash-3.2-32.el5_9.1.i386.rpm
bash-4.2.46-19.el7.x86_64.rpm
bash-4.4.19-7.el8.x86_64.rpm
bash-4.4.19-7.el8.aarch64.rpm
bash-4.4.19-7.el8.ppc64le.rpm
bc_1.07.1-2_amd64.deb
bc_1.07.1-2_s390x.deb

Example: count the architecture type of rpm and the corresponding number of packages

[root@rocky8 bin]# cd /misc/cd/
[root@rocky8 cd]# ls
AppStream  BaseOS  EFI  images  isolinux  LICENSE  media.repo  TRANS.TBL
[root@rocky8 cd]# cd BaseOS/
[root@rocky8 BaseOS]# ls
Packages  repodata
[root@rocky8 BaseOS]# cd Packages/

[root@rocky8 Packages]# ls *.rpm |sed -rn 's/(.*)\.([^.]+)\.rpm$/\2/p' |sort |uniq -c
    401 i686
    226 noarch
   1082 x86_64

[root@rocky8 Packages]#  ls *.rpm |sed -rn 's/.*\.([^.]+)\.rpm$/\1/p' |sort |uniq -c
    401 i686
    226 noarch
   1082 x86_64

[root@rocky8 Packages]# ls *.rpm |rev |cut -d. -f2|rev|sort |uniq -c
    401 i686
    226 noarch
   1082 x86_64

2.1.4 classification and unpacking

In order to facilitate the management and use of software packages, a large software will be classified and placed in different sub packages.

Classification of packages

Application-VERSION-ARCH.rpm: main package
Application-devel-VERSION-ARCH.rpm development sub package
Application-utils-VERSION-ARHC.rpm other sub packages
Application-libs-VERSION-ARHC.rpm other sub packages

example:

[root@rocky8 ~]# ls /misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-*
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-1.14.1-9.module+el8.4.0+542+81547229.x86_64.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-1.16.1-2.module+el8.4.0+543+efbf198b.1.x86_64.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-1.18.0-3.module+el8.4.0+544+e40554cf.1.x86_64.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-all-modules-1.14.1-9.module+el8.4.0+542+81547229.noarch.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-all-modules-1.16.1-2.module+el8.4.0+543+efbf198b.1.noarch.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-all-modules-1.18.0-3.module+el8.4.0+544+e40554cf.1.noarch.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-filesystem-1.14.1-9.module+el8.4.0+542+81547229.noarch.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-filesystem-1.16.1-2.module+el8.4.0+543+efbf198b.1.noarch.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-filesystem-1.18.0-3.module+el8.4.0+544+e40554cf.1.noarch.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-mod-http-image-filter-1.14.1-9.module+el8.4.0+542+81547229.x86_64.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-mod-http-image-filter-1.16.1-2.module+el8.4.0+543+efbf198b.1.x86_64.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-mod-http-image-filter-1.18.0-3.module+el8.4.0+544+e40554cf.1.x86_64.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-mod-http-perl-1.14.1-9.module+el8.4.0+542+81547229.x86_64.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-mod-http-perl-1.16.1-2.module+el8.4.0+543+efbf198b.1.x86_64.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-mod-http-perl-1.18.0-3.module+el8.4.0+544+e40554cf.1.x86_64.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter-1.14.1-9.module+el8.4.0+542+81547229.x86_64.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter-1.16.1-2.module+el8.4.0+543+efbf198b.1.x86_64.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-mod-http-xslt-filter-1.18.0-3.module+el8.4.0+544+e40554cf.1.x86_64.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-mod-mail-1.14.1-9.module+el8.4.0+542+81547229.x86_64.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-mod-mail-1.16.1-2.module+el8.4.0+543+efbf198b.1.x86_64.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-mod-mail-1.18.0-3.module+el8.4.0+544+e40554cf.1.x86_64.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-mod-stream-1.14.1-9.module+el8.4.0+542+81547229.x86_64.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-mod-stream-1.16.1-2.module+el8.4.0+543+efbf198b.1.x86_64.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/nginx-mod-stream-1.18.0-3.module+el8.4.0+544+e40554cf.1.x86_64.rpm

2.1.5 package dependency

There may be dependencies or even circular dependencies between software packages, that is, package A depends on package B, package B depends on package C, and package C depends on package A

When installing a software package, it will fail due to the lack of dependent packages.

Resolve dependency package management tools:

Front end tools for yum: rpm package manager
dnf: Fedora 18+ rpm package manager front end management tool, CentOS version 8 instead of yum
apt: deb package manager front end tool
rpm front end management tool on zypper: suse

2.1.6 package manager related documents

1. Package file composition (unique to each package)

Files in package
Metadata, such as package name, version, dependency, description, etc
There may be scripts that run when the package is installed or uninstalled

2. Database (public): / var/lib/rpm

Package name and version
Dependency
Function description
File path and check code information generated after package installation

example:

[root@rocky8 ~]# ll /var/lib/rpm
total 72948
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  1822720 Oct 13 18:33 Basenames
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     8192 Oct 13 18:33 Conflictname
-rw-r--r--  1 root root   270336 Oct 13 18:33 __db.001
-rw-r--r--  1 root root    81920 Oct 13 18:33 __db.002
-rw-r--r--  1 root root  1318912 Oct 13 18:33 __db.003
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   622592 Oct 13 18:33 Dirnames
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     8192 Oct  6 19:16 Enhancename
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     8192 Oct  6 19:17 Filetriggername
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    12288 Oct 13 18:33 Group
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    12288 Oct 13 18:33 Installtid
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    24576 Oct 13 18:33 Name
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    16384 Oct 13 13:54 Obsoletename
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 67461120 Oct 13 18:33 Packages
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  2895872 Oct 13 18:33 Providename
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     8192 Oct 11 19:56 Recommendname
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   155648 Oct 13 18:33 Requirename
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    45056 Oct 13 18:33 Sha1header
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    32768 Oct 13 18:33 Sigmd5
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     8192 Oct 11 21:01 Suggestname
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     8192 Oct  6 19:16 Supplementname
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     8192 Oct 11 21:01 Transfiletriggername
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     8192 Oct 13 18:33 Triggername
[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -qa #View packages installed on the system
iptables-1.8.4-17.el8.x86_64
python3-setuptools-wheel-39.2.0-6.el8.noarch
rpm-plugin-selinux-4.14.3-13.el8.x86_64
rocky-release-8.4-26.el8.noarch
python3-configobj-5.0.6-11.el8.noarch
basesystem-11-5.el8.noarch
authselect-libs-1.2.2-2.el8.x86_64
libselinux-2.9-5.el8.x86_64
dbus-glib-0.110-2.el8.x86_64
glibc-2.28-151.el8.x86_64
libsecret-0.18.6-1.el8.x86_64
xz-libs-5.2.4-3.el8.1.x86_64
dracut-squash-049-135.git20210121.el8.x86_64
libgpg-error-1.31-1.el8.x86_64
...

2.1.7 access to packages

The software package needs to compile and package the source code in advance. The ways to obtain the package are as follows:

2.1.7.1 CD or official website of system release

CentOS image:

https://www.centos.org/download/

http://mirrors.aliyun.com

https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/

https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/

http://mirrors.sohu.com

http://mirrors.163.com

Ubuntu image:

http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/releases/

http://releases.ubuntu.com

nginx package:

http://nginx.org/packages/centos/8/x86_64/RPMS/

2.1.7.2 provided by a third party organization

Fedora-EPEL: Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux

https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL

https://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/
Rpmforge: Official Website: http://repoforge.org/ Recommended by RHEL, the package is complete and will be closed soon
Community Enterprise Linux Repository: http://www.elrepo.org , support the latest kernel and hardware related packages

2.1.7.3 official website of software project

http://yum.mariadb.org/10.4/centos8-amd64/rpms/

http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-8.0-community/el/8/x86_64/

2.1.7.4 search engine

http://pkgs.org

http://rpmfind.net

http://rpm.pbone.net

https://sourceforge.net/

Note: it is recommended to check the legitimacy, source legitimacy and package integrity of the third-party package

2.1.7.5 self made

Make the source code file into rpm package file by using tools such as rpmbuild and fpm

3. Package manager rpm

Managing packages using the rpm command on CentOS systems

Function:

Installation, uninstall, upgrade, query, verification and database maintenance

3.1 installation

Format:

rpm {-i|--install} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE...

Options:

-v: verbose
-vv:
-h: with#Displays the progress of package management execution

Common combinations:

rpm -ivh PACKAGE_FILE ...

rpm package installation [install options]

--test: Test the installation, but do not actually perform the installation, i.e dry run pattern
--nodeps: Ignore dependencies
--replacepkgs | replacefiles
--nosignature: Do not check source legitimacy
--nodigest: Do not check package integrity
--noscripts: Do not execute package scripts
    %pre: Pre installation script --nopre
    %post: Post installation script --nopost
    %preun: Pre uninstall script --nopreun
    %postun: Post uninstall script --nopostun

example:

[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -ivh /misc/cd/BaseOS/Packages/dos2unix-7.4.0-3.el8.x86_64.rpm
Verifying...                          ################################# [100%]
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
   1:dos2unix-7.4.0-3.el8             ################################# [100%]

3.2 upgrade and downgrade

rpm package upgrade

rpm {-U|--upgrade} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE...
rpm {-F|--freshen} [install-options] PACKAGE_FILE...

Corresponding options:

upgrade: Upgrade if a legacy package is installed, or install if no legacy package exists
freshen: If a legacy package is installed, click upgrade. If there is no legacy package, the upgrade operation will not be performed

--oldpackage: Demotion
--force: Forced installation

Common combination

rpm -Uvh PACKAGE_FILE ...
rpm -Fvh PACKAGE_FILE ...

Upgrade notes:

(1) Do not upgrade the kernel; Linux supports the coexistence of multiple kernel versions, so install the new version of the kernel directly

(2) If the configuration file of the original package has been modified after installation, when upgrading, the same configuration file provided by the new version will not directly overwrite the configuration file of the old version, but will be retained after renaming the new version file (FILENAME.rpmnew)

3.3 package query

rpm {-q|--query} [select-options] [query-options]

[select-options]
-a: All packages
-f: View which package installation generated the specified file
-p rpmfile: Query the package files that have not been installed

[query-options]
--changelog: query rpm Wrapped changelog
-c: Query the configuration file of the program
-d: Query program documentation
-i: information
-l: View all files generated after the specified package is installed
--scripts: Package's own script

#Related to CAPABILITY
--whatprovides CAPABILITY: Query specified CAPABILITY By which package
--whatrequires CAPABILITY: Query specified CAPABILITY By which package
--provides: Lists the services provided by the specified package CAPABILITY
-R: Queries the on which the specified package depends CAPABILITY

Common query usage:

-qa
-q PACKAGE
-qi PACKAGE
-qc PACKAGE
-ql PACKAGE
-qd PACKAGE
-q --scripts PACKAGE
-qf FILE
-qpi PACKAGE_FILE
-qpl PACKAGE_FILE, ...

example:

[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -q dos2unix
dos2unix-7.4.0-3.el8.x86_64
#-q query whether the package is installed

[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -qa |grep dos
dos2unix-7.4.0-3.el8.x86_64
[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -qa "*dos*"
dos2unix-7.4.0-3.el8.x86_64
[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -e dos2unix #-e unloading
[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -q dos2unix
package dos2unix is not installed

[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -ivh https://mirrors.nju.edu.cn/rocky/8/BaseOS/x86_64/os/Packages/dos2unix-7.4.0-3.el8.x86_64.rpm
Retrieving https://mirrors.nju.edu.cn/rocky/8/BaseOS/x86_64/os/Packages/dos2unix-7.4.0-3.el8.x86_64.rpm
Verifying...                          ################################# [100%]
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
   1:dos2unix-7.4.0-3.el8             ################################# [100%]
#The network can also be installed

[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -ivh /misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/httpd-2.4.37-39.module+el8.4.0+571+fd70afb1.x86_64.rpm 
error: Failed dependencies:
	/etc/mime.types is needed by httpd-2.4.37-39.module+el8.4.0+571+fd70afb1.x86_64
	httpd-filesystem is needed by httpd-2.4.37-39.module+el8.4.0+571+fd70afb1.x86_64
	httpd-filesystem = 2.4.37-39.module+el8.4.0+571+fd70afb1 is needed by httpd-2.4.37-39.module+el8.4.0+571+fd70afb1.x86_64
	httpd-tools = 2.4.37-39.module+el8.4.0+571+fd70afb1 is needed by httpd-2.4.37-39.module+el8.4.0+571+fd70afb1.x86_64
	libapr-1.so.0()(64bit) is needed by httpd-2.4.37-39.module+el8.4.0+571+fd70afb1.x86_64
	libaprutil-1.so.0()(64bit) is needed by httpd-2.4.37-39.module+el8.4.0+571+fd70afb1.x86_64
	mod_http2 is needed by httpd-2.4.37-39.module+el8.4.0+571+fd70afb1.x86_64
	system-logos-httpd >= 82.0 is needed by httpd-2.4.37-39.module+el8.4.0+571+fd70afb1.x86_64
#could not be installed

[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -qi httpd
package httpd is not installed
[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -q tree 
package tree is not installed
[root@rocky8 ~]# dnf -y install tree
[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -q tree 
tree-1.7.0-15.el8.x86_64
[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -qi tree 
Name        : tree
Version     : 1.7.0
Release     : 15.el8
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: Wed 13 Oct 2021 07:39:43 PM CST
Group       : Unspecified
Size        : 108563
License     : GPLv2+
Signature   : RSA/SHA256, Mon 12 Apr 2021 05:23:54 PM CST, Key ID 15af5dac6d745a60
Source RPM  : tree-1.7.0-15.el8.src.rpm
Build Date  : Mon 12 Apr 2021 04:38:17 PM CST
Build Host  : ord1-prod-x86build003.svc.aws.rockylinux.org
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Packager    : infrastructure@rockylinux.org
Vendor      : Rocky
URL         : http://mama.indstate.edu/users/ice/tree/
Summary     : File system tree viewer
Description :
The tree utility recursively displays the contents of directories in a
tree-like format.  Tree is basically a UNIX port of the DOS tree
utility.
#-qi viewing software information 

[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -ql tree 
/usr/bin/tree
/usr/lib/.build-id
/usr/lib/.build-id/47
/usr/lib/.build-id/47/6e749c56abc75d25e3bc5c29e83507a605fd53
/usr/share/doc/tree
/usr/share/doc/tree/LICENSE
/usr/share/doc/tree/README
/usr/share/man/man1/tree.1.gz
#-ql view the file path information in the package

[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -qd tree 
/usr/share/doc/tree/LICENSE
/usr/share/doc/tree/README
/usr/share/man/man1/tree.1.gz
#-qd query document

[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -qf /etc/issue 
rocky-release-8.4-26.el8.noarch
#-qf query dependent package

[root@rocky8 ~]# which tree
/usr/bin/tree
[root@rocky8 ~]# rm -f /usr/bin/tree
[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -qf /usr/bin/tree
tree-1.7.0-15.el8.x86_64
[root@rocky8 ~]# ll /usr/bin/tree
ls: cannot access '/usr/bin/tree': No such file or directory
#You can still find it after deleting it

[root@rocky8 ~]# ll /var/lib/rpm
total 65308
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  1634304 Oct 13 19:39 Basenames
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     8192 Oct 13 19:38 Conflictname
-rw-r--r--  1 root root   270336 Oct 13 19:42 __db.001
-rw-r--r--  1 root root    81920 Oct 13 19:42 __db.002
-rw-r--r--  1 root root  1318912 Oct 13 19:42 __db.003
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   593920 Oct 13 19:39 Dirnames
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     8192 Oct  6 19:16 Enhancename
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     8192 Oct  6 19:17 Filetriggername
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    12288 Oct 13 19:39 Group
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    12288 Oct 13 19:39 Installtid
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    24576 Oct 13 19:39 Name
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    16384 Oct  6 19:22 Obsoletename
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 59822080 Oct 13 19:39 Packages
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  2887680 Oct 13 19:39 Providename
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     8192 Oct  6 19:17 Recommendname
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   151552 Oct 13 19:39 Requirename
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    40960 Oct 13 19:39 Sha1header
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root    24576 Oct 13 19:39 Sigmd5
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     8192 Oct  6 19:17 Suggestname
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     8192 Oct  6 19:16 Supplementname
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     8192 Oct  6 19:17 Transfiletriggername
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root     8192 Oct 13 19:38 Triggername
#Because he has a database in this directory to record the installation information

[root@rocky8 ~]# mv /var/lib/rpm /opt
[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -qf /usr/bin/tree
error: file /usr/bin/tree: No such file or directory
#If you remove it, you can't check it

[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -qa
[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -ivh /misc/cd/BaseOS/Packages/dos2unix-7.4.0-3.el8.x86_64.rpm
warning: /misc/cd/BaseOS/Packages/dos2unix-7.4.0-3.el8.x86_64.rpm: Header V4 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 6d745a60: NOKEY
error: Failed dependencies:
	libc.so.6()(64bit) is needed by dos2unix-7.4.0-3.el8.x86_64
	libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit) is needed by dos2unix-7.4.0-3.el8.x86_64
	libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.3.4)(64bit) is needed by dos2unix-7.4.0-3.el8.x86_64
	libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.4)(64bit) is needed by dos2unix-7.4.0-3.el8.x86_64
	rtld(GNU_HASH) is needed by dos2unix-7.4.0-3.el8.x86_64
#You can't check or install the software

[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -ivh /misc/cd/BaseOS/Packages/tree-1.7.0-15.el8.x86_64.rpm
Verifying...                          ################################# [100%]
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
   1:tree-1.7.0-15.el8                ################################# [100%]
[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -ivh /misc/cd/BaseOS/Packages/tree-1.7.0-15.el8.x86_64.rpm --force
Verifying...                          ################################# [100%]
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
   1:tree-1.7.0-15.el8                ################################# [100%]
#--force forced installation

[root@rocky8 ~]#  rpm -q --scripts tree
[root@rocky8 ~]#  rpm -q --scripts bash
postinstall scriptlet (using <lua>):
nl        = '\n'
sh        = '/bin/sh'..nl
bash      = '/bin/bash'..nl
f = io.open('/etc/shells', 'a+')
if f then
  local shells = nl..f:read('*all')..nl
  if not shells:find(nl..sh) then f:write(sh) end
  if not shells:find(nl..bash) then f:write(bash) end
  f:close()
end
postuninstall scriptlet (using <lua>):
-- Run it only if we are uninstalling
if arg[2] == "0"
then
  t={}
  for line in io.lines("/etc/shells")
  do
    if line ~= "/bin/bash" and line ~= "/bin/sh"
    then
      table.insert(t,line)
    end
  end

  f = io.open("/etc/shells", "w+")
  for n,line in pairs(t)
  do
    f:write(line.."\n")
  end
  f:close()
end
#rpm -q --scripts query whether the package has scripts

[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -qpl /misc/cd/BaseOS/Packages/tree-1.7.0-15.el8.x86_64.rpm
/usr/bin/tree
/usr/lib/.build-id
/usr/lib/.build-id/47
/usr/lib/.build-id/47/6e749c56abc75d25e3bc5c29e83507a605fd53
/usr/share/doc/tree
/usr/share/doc/tree/LICENSE
/usr/share/doc/tree/README
/usr/share/man/man1/tree.1.gz
[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -ql /misc/cd/BaseOS/Packages/tree-1.7.0-15.el8.x86_64.rpm
/usr/bin/tree
/usr/lib/.build-id
/usr/lib/.build-id/47
/usr/lib/.build-id/47/6e749c56abc75d25e3bc5c29e83507a605fd53
/usr/share/doc/tree
/usr/share/doc/tree/LICENSE
/usr/share/doc/tree/README
/usr/share/man/man1/tree.1.gz
#centos 8 can be viewed directly through - ql without adding the p option
#Query the files contained in the file

[root@centos7 ~]# ls /misc/cd/Packages/tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
/misc/cd/Packages/tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@centos7 ~]# rpm -ivh /misc/cd/Packages/tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing...                          ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
   1:tree-1.6.0-10.el7                ################################# [100%]
[root@centos7 ~]# rpm -ql /misc/cd/Packages/tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
package /misc/cd/Packages/tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm is not installed
[root@centos7 ~]# rpm -qpl /misc/cd/Packages/tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm
/usr/bin/tree
/usr/share/doc/tree-1.6.0
/usr/share/doc/tree-1.6.0/LICENSE
/usr/share/doc/tree-1.6.0/README
/usr/share/man/man1/tree.1.gz
#You can only check the files contained in the package file by adding the p option to centos 7

3.4 package unloading

Format:

rpm {-e|--erase} [--allmatches] [--nodeps] [--noscripts] [--notriggers] [--test] PACKAGE_NAME ...

Note: when the package is unloaded, the corresponding configuration file will not be deleted and will be retained in the form of FILENAME.rpmsave

Example: forcibly delete the rpm package and restore it

[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -e rpm --nodeps
[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm
-bash: /usr/bin/rpm: No such file or directory
[root@rocky8 ~]# dnf -y install rpm
error: Unable to open /usr/lib/rpm/rpmrc for reading: No such file or directory.
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/bin/dnf", line 57, in <module>
    from dnf.cli import main
  File "/usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages/dnf/__init__.py", line 30, in <module>
    import dnf.base
  File "/usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages/dnf/base.py", line 32, in <module>
    from dnf.comps import CompsQuery
  File "/usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages/dnf/comps.py", line 27, in <module>
    from dnf.exceptions import CompsError
  File "/usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages/dnf/exceptions.py", line 22, in <module>
    import dnf.util
  File "/usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages/dnf/util.py", line 29, in <module>
    import dnf.callback
  File "/usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages/dnf/callback.py", line 22, in <module>
    import dnf.yum.rpmtrans
  File "/usr/lib/python3.6/site-packages/dnf/yum/rpmtrans.py", line 26, in <module>
    import rpm
  File "/usr/lib64/python3.6/site-packages/rpm/__init__.py", line 39, in <module>
    from rpm.transaction import *
  File "/usr/lib64/python3.6/site-packages/rpm/transaction.py", line 5, in <module>
    from rpm._rpm import ts as TransactionSetCore
ImportError: cannot import name 'ts'

#Recovery process
#Restart and enter the rescue mode
#mkdir /mnt/cdrom
#mount /dev/sr0 /mnt/cdrom
#rpm -ivh /mnt/cdrom/BaseOS/Packages/rpm-4.14.3-13.el8.x86_64.rpm --root=/mnt/sysimage
#reboot

3.5 package verification

When installing a package, the system will also check whether the source of the package is legal

Check the integrity and signature of the package

rpm -K|--checksig rpmfile

example:

rpm --import /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
rpm -qa "gpg-pubkey*"

Example: CentOS 8

[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -K /misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/httpd-2.4.37-39.module+el8.4.0+571+fd70afb1.x86_64.rpm
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/httpd-2.4.37-39.module+el8.4.0+571+fd70afb1.x86_64.rpm: digests SIGNATURES NOT OK
#Prompt: no key imported

[root@rocky8 ~]# cat /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-rockyofficial 
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
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=AiP8
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----

[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm --import /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-rockyofficial #Import key
[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -K /misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/httpd-2.4.37-39.module+el8.4.0+571+fd70afb1.x86_64.rpm 
/misc/cd/AppStream/Packages/httpd-2.4.37-39.module+el8.4.0+571+fd70afb1.x86_64.rpm: digests signatures OK
#We can find it now

[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -qa "gpg-pubkey*" #Check whether the key is imported
gpg-pubkey-6d745a60-60287f36

[root@rocky8 ~]# rpm -qi gpg-pubkey-6d745a60-60287f36 #View key information
Name        : gpg-pubkey
Version     : 6d745a60
Release     : 60287f36
Architecture: (none)
Install Date: Wed 06 Oct 2021 07:22:44 PM CST
Group       : Public Keys
Size        : 0
License     : pubkey
Signature   : (none)
Source RPM  : (none)
Build Date  : Sun 14 Feb 2021 09:39:02 AM CST
Build Host  : localhost
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Packager    : Release Engineering <infrastructure@rockylinux.org>
Summary     : gpg(Release Engineering <infrastructure@rockylinux.org>)
Description :
-----BEGIN PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----
Version: rpm-4.14.3 (NSS-3)
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=AiP8
-----END PGP PUBLIC KEY BLOCK-----

Example: verifying package files

[root@rocky8 ~]# cp /misc/cd/BaseOS/Packages/tree-1.7.0-15.el8.x86_64.rpm /data
[root@rocky8 ~]# cd /data
[root@rocky8 data]# ll
total 60
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 59636 Oct 13 20:40 tree-1.7.0-15.el8.x86_64.rpm
[root@rocky8 data]# echo >>tree-1.7.0-15.el8.x86_64.rpm
[root@rocky8 data]# ll
total 60
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 59637 Oct 13 20:40 tree-1.7.0-15.el8.x86_64.rpm
[root@rocky8 data]# rpm -K /data/tree-1.7.0-15.el8.x86_64.rpm
/data/tree-1.7.0-15.el8.x86_64.rpm: DIGESTS SIGNATURES NOT OK
#If the package is changed, it can still be checked. It checks the signature and does not verify the integrity of the package

When installing the software, the metadata of each file in the package, such as size, permission, owner, time, etc., will be recorded in the database related to rpm, which can be used to check whether the files in the package are different from those in the original installation

rpm {-V|--verify} [select-options] [verify-options]

#Example:
[root@centos8 ~]#rpm -V centos-release

S.5....T. c /etc/issue
S file Size differs
M Mode differs (includes permissions and file type)
5 digest (formerly MD5 sum) differs
D Device major/minor number mismatch
L readLink(2) path mismatch
U User ownership differs
G Group ownership differs
T mTime differs
P capabilities differ
. (spot) Indicates that the characters represented by the current position have the same meaning

c The location indicates the file type

c configuration file
d File data file
g The file does not belong to a file(Few cases)
l License file(license file)
r readme file(READ ME)

example:

[root@rocky8 data]# rpm -ql tree
/usr/bin/tree
/usr/lib/.build-id
/usr/lib/.build-id/47
/usr/lib/.build-id/47/6e749c56abc75d25e3bc5c29e83507a605fd53
/usr/share/doc/tree
/usr/share/doc/tree/LICENSE
/usr/share/doc/tree/README
/usr/share/man/man1/tree.1.gz
[root@rocky8 data]# ll /usr/share/doc/tree/README
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5620 Apr 22  2014 /usr/share/doc/tree/README

[root@rocky8 data]# chown raymond /usr/share/doc/tree/README
[root@rocky8 data]# ll /usr/share/doc/tree/README
-rw-r--r-- 1 raymond root 5620 Apr 22  2014 /usr/share/doc/tree/README
[root@rocky8 data]# rpm -V tree
.....U...  d /usr/share/doc/tree/README
#U indicates that the owner of the file has been changed
#-V view file integrity

[root@rocky8 data]# chown root /usr/share/doc/tree/README
[root@rocky8 data]# rpm -V tree
#Not after recovery

3.6 database

The information generated during the installation of the rpm package is placed in the rpm database

/var/lib/rpm

You can rebuild the database

rpm {--initdb|--rebuilddb}
initdb: Initialization. If the database does not exist in advance, it will be created. Otherwise, no operation will be performed
rebuilddb: Rebuild the database index directory of the installed package header

Posted by webguy262 on Thu, 28 Oct 2021 03:10:41 -0700

Programmer Group

Chapter VIII software package management

1. Software operation and compilation

1.1 software related concepts

1.1.1 ABI

1.1.2 API

1.1.3 development language

1.2 C language program compilation process

1.3 static and dynamic links of software modules

1.3.1 static link

1.3.2 dynamic link

1.3.3 module (Library) files

2. Software package and package manager

2.1 software package introduction

2.1.1 document classification in software package

2.1.2 package manager

2.1.3 package naming

2.1.4 classification and unpacking

2.1.5 package dependency

2.1.6 package manager related documents

2.1.7 access to packages

2.1.7.1 CD or official website of system release

2.1.7.2 provided by a third party organization

2.1.7.3 official website of software project

2.1.7.4 search engine

2.1.7.5 self made

3. Package manager rpm

3.1 installation

3.2 upgrade and downgrade

3.3 package query

3.4 package unloading

3.5 package verification

3.6 database

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