let and const

 

In JavaScript, we used to use key var to define variables. After ES6, we added two keywords to define variables, let and const.

For variables, variables defined by var in ES5 will be raised to all functions and statements in scope, while variables defined by let in ES6 will not. Variables declared by let will establish a temporary dead zone in their corresponding code blocks until variables are declared.

Both let and const can declare block-level scopes, similar to var in usage, and let is characterized by being locked in the current block instead of raising variables.

 

A very simple example:

 

function test() {
if(true) {
  console.log(a)//TDZ, commonly known as temporary dead zone, is used to describe the phenomenon of non-elevation of variables.
  let a = 1
}
}
test()  // a is not defined

function test() {
    if(true) {
      let a = 1
    }
    console.log(a)
}    
test() // a is not defined

 

The only correct way to use it is to declare it first and then visit it.

 

function test() {
    if(true) {
      let a = 1
      console.log(a)
    }
}
test() // 1

 

const

Declare constants, once declared, unchangeable, and constants must initialize assignments.

Although const is a constant, it is not allowed to modify the default assignment, but if the Object is defined, then the attribute values inside the Object can be modified.

 

const type = {
  a: 1
}
type.a = 2 //Instead of directly modifying the value of type, it is allowed to modify the attribute value of type.a.
console.log(type) // {a: 2}

 

The similarities and differences between const and let

The same point: const and let are valid in the current block, and will be destroyed when executed out of the block. There is no variable escalation (TDZ) and cannot be repeated.
The difference: const can no longer be assigned, let declared variables can be assigned repeatedly.
 

const actually guarantees that the value of a variable cannot be changed, but that the data stored at the memory address to which the variable points must not be changed. For simple types of data (numeric, string, boolean), the value is stored at the memory address to which the variable points, so it is equivalent to a constant. But for complex data (mainly objects and arrays), the memory address of the variable points to is only a pointer to the actual data. const can only guarantee that the pointer is fixed (that is, it always points to another fixed address). As for whether the data structure it points to is changeable, it can not be controlled at all. Therefore, you must be very careful to declare an object as a constant.

 

Block-level scopes usage scenarios

In addition to the usual declarations mentioned above, we can also use one of the most famous interview questions in the loop: the timer closure test questions in the loop.

Using var declared loop variables in for loops will jump out of the loop body to pollute the current function.

 

for(var i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
  setTimeout(() => {
    console.log(i) //5, 5, 5, 5, 5
  }, 0)
}
console.log(i) //5. i Jump Out of the External Function of Cyclic Body Pollution

//After changing var to let
for(let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
  setTimeout(() => {
    console.log(i) // 0,1,2,3,4
  }, 0)
}
console.log(i)//i. is not defined i cannot contaminate external functions

 

In actual development, we choose to use var, let or const, depending on whether our variables need to be updated. Usually we want to ensure that variables are not maliciously modified, but use a lot of const. Const declaration is also recommended when declaring an object. When you need to modify the declared variable value, let and VaR can be used instead of let.

 

symbol

Before ES6, we knew that five basic data types were Undefined, Null, Boolean, Number and String, and then added a reference type Object to make up all data types in JavaScript. But after ES6 came out, a new data type named symbol was added, which, like its name, means unique, meaning that every Symbol type is all. Unique, not duplicated with other Symbols.

You can create a new Symbol type value by calling the Symbol() method, which is unique and does not equal any value.

 

var mySymbol=Symbol();
console.log(typeof mySymbol) //"symbol"

 

2. Strings

 

New Method for ES6 String

 

UTF-16 bits: ES6 enforces UTF-16 string encoding. For the explanation of UTF-16, please understand Baidu by yourself.

 

codePointAt(): This method supports UTF-16, accepts the position of the encoding unit as a parameter, instead of the position of the string, and returns a bit corresponding to the given position in the string, that is, an integer value.

 

String.fromCodePoiont(): Contrary to codePointAt s, it retrieves the bits of a character in a string or generates a character based on the specified bits.

 

normalize(): Provides a standard form of Unicode, accepts an optional string parameter, and specifies the application of a standard form of Unicode.

 

In ES6, three new methods have been added. Each method receives two parameters, a substring to be detected, and an index position to start matching.

 

Template string

String is one of the basic types in JavaScript. It should be considered as the most frequently used type besides objects. String contains many methods such as substr, replace, indexOf,slice and so on. ES6 introduces the characteristics of template strings, which can be expressed by inverse quotation marks to represent multi-line strings and achieve text interpolation (using template placeholders).

 

//Previous multi-line strings we wrote as follows:
console.log("hello world 1\n\
hello cala");
// "hello world
// hello cala"

//After you have the template string
console.log(`hello world
string text line 2`);
// "hello world
// hello cala"

 

Template placeholders can be represented by ${} and variables that you have defined can be passed into brackets, such as:

 

var name="cala";
var age=22;
console.log(`hello,I'am ${name},my age is ${age}`)
//hello,I'am cala,my age is 22

 

Include (str, index): If the specified text is detected in the string, return true, otherwise false.

 

let t = 'abcdefg'
if(t.includes('cde')) {
  console.log(2)
}
//true

 

startsWith(str, index): If the specified text is detected at the beginning of the string, return true or false.

 

let t = 'abcdefg'
if(t.startsWith('ab')) {
  console.log(2)
}
//true

 

endsWith(str, index): If the specified text is detected at the end of the string, return true or false.

 

let t = 'abcdefg'
if(t.endsWith('fg')) {
  console.log(2)
}
//true

 

If you just need to match whether or not a substring is included in the string, it is recommended to use the new method. If you need to find the location of the matching string, use indexOf().

 

Three, function

 

Default parameters of functions

In ES5, we pass parameters to the function and then set default values in the body of the function, as follows.

 

function a(num, callback) {
  num = num || 6
  callback = callback || function (data) {console.log('ES5: ', data)}
  callback(num * num)
}
a() //ES5: 36, no parameter output default value

//You can also use callback like this
a(10, function(data) {
  console.log(data * 10) //1000, parameter output new value
})

 

In ES6, we use the new default value notation

 

function a(num = 6, callback = function (data) {console.log('ES6: ', data)}) {
  callback(num * num)
}

a() //ES6: 36, no parameter output default

a(10, function(data) {
  console.log(data * 10) //1000, parameter output new value
})

 

4. Arrow function (=>)

 

(Arrow function is more important. Now, just to mention it briefly, I'll write a special article about arrow function later.)

 

const arr = [5, 10]
const s = arr.reduce((sum, item) => sum + item)
console.log(s) // 15

 

The use of this in arrow functions is different from that of ordinary functions. In common functions of JavaScript, there will be a value of this of its own, which is mainly divided into:

 

Ordinary function:
1. When a function is called as a global function, this points to the global object.
2. When a function is called as a method in an object, this points to the object.
3. When a function is used as a constructor, this points to a new object from the constructor new.
4. You can also change the direction of this through call, apply, and bind
 

Arrow function:
1. The arrow function does not have this. This inside the function comes from the nearest non-arrow function of the parent and cannot change the direction of this.
2. The arrow function does not have super
3. Arrow function without arguments
4. The arrow function has no new.target binding.
5. Can't use new
6. No prototype
7. Duplicate naming parameters are not supported.

 

A Simple Understanding of Arrow Function

 

1. The left side of the arrow function represents the input parameters and the right side represents the output results.

 

const s = a => a
console.log(s(2)) // 2

 

2. In the arrow function, this belongs to the lexical scope, which is determined directly from the context. For this which is pointed to indefinite in the ordinary function, the processing of this in the arrow function is undoubtedly simpler, as follows:

 

//ES5 General Function
function Man(){
  this.age=22;
  return function(){
    this.age+1;
  }
}
var cala=new Man();
console.log(cala())//undefined

//ES6 arrow function
function Man(){
  this.age=22;
  return () => this.age+1;
}
var cala=new Man();
console.log(cala())//23

 

3. There are no arguments in the arrow function (we can replace them with rest parameters), no prototypes, and no new keywords, for example:

 

//No arguments
var foo=(a,b)=>{return arguments[0]*arguments[1]}
console.log(foo(3,5))
//arguments is not defined

//No prototype
var Obj = () => {};
console.log(Obj.prototype); 
// undefined

//Cannot use new keywords
var Obj = () => {"hello world"};
var o = new Obj(); 
// TypeError: Obj is not a constructor

 

4. Arrow Function Sorts Arrays

 

const arr = [10, 50, 30, 40, 20]
const s = arr.sort((a, b) => a - b)
console.log(s) // [10,20,30,40,50]

Tail call optimization

Tail call refers to calling a new function when the function return s. Because the implementation of tail call needs to be stored in memory, in a loop body, if there is a tail call of the function, your memory may be full or overflowed.

In ES6, the engine will help you optimize the tail call. You don't need to optimize yourself, but you need to meet the following three requirements:

1. Functions are not closures
2. Tail call is the last statement of a function
3. Return the result of tail call as a function

 

Real Use of Tail Call-Recursive Function Optimization

In the ES5 era, recursion is not recommended because it affects performance.

But with tail call optimization, the performance of recursive functions has improved.

 

//A New Tail-optimized Writing Method
"use strict";  
function a(n, p = 1) {
  if(n <= 1) {
    return 1 * p
  }
  let s = n * p
  return a(n - 1, s)
}
//Find the factorial of 1 x 2 x 3
let sum = a(3)
console.log(sum) // 6

 

5. New Method for ES6 Objects

 

Object.assign()

The Object.assign() method is used to copy the values of all enumerable attributes from one or more source objects to the target object. It will return the target object.

The Object.assign method only copies the source object's own enumerable attributes to the target object. This method uses the source object [[Get]] and the target object [[Set], so it calls related getters and setter s. Therefore, it assigns attributes, not just copying or defining new attributes. If the merge source contains getter, this may make it unsuitable for merging new attributes into the prototype. In order to copy attribute definitions (including enumerability) to prototypes, Object. getOwnProperty Descriptor () and Object.defineProperty() should be used.

Attributes of String and Symbol types are copied.

Merge object

 

var o1 = { a: 1 };
var o2 = { b: 2 };
var o3 = { c: 3 };
var obj = Object.assign(o1, o2, o3);
console.log(obj); // { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 }
console.log(o1);  //{a: 1, b: 2, c: 3} Note that the target object itself will change.

 

Merge objects with the same attributes

 

var o1 = { a: 1, b: 1, c: 1 };
var o2 = { b: 2, c: 2 };
var o3 = { c: 3 };
var obj = Object.assign({}, o1, o2, o3);
console.log(obj); // { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 }

 

Map and Set

 

Maps and Sets are called collections, but they are also different. Sets are often used to check whether a key name exists in an object, and Map collections are often used to retrieve existing information.

Set is a sequential list with independent non-repetitive values.

 

 

 

Set operation set

 

let set = new Set()
//Set into arrays
let arr = Array.from(set)
let arr = [...set]
//Instance attributes (inherited from Set)
set.constructor === Set 
set.size 
//Method of operation
set.add(1) //Add a value
set.delete(1) //Delete a value
set.has(1) //Determine whether there is this value (indexOf in Array)
set.clear() //Clear all values
//Get member methods for traversal (the traversal order of a Set is the insertion order)
set.keys() //A traversal that returns the key name
set.values() //Return key is worth traversal
set.entries() //Returns a traversal of key-value pairs
set.forEach() //Loop through each value (consistent with Array's method)
for (let key of set.keys()){}
for (let val of set.values()){}
for (let entry of set.entries()){}
//Use an array method to process set values
set = new Set(arr)
set = new Set([...set].map((x) => x = x * 2))
set = new Set([...set].filter((x) => x > 2))

 

Method Set of Map

 

let map = new Map()
//Instance attributes (inherited from Map)
map.constructor === Map
map.size
//Method of operation
map.set(1,2)
map.get(1)
map.delete(1)
map.has(1)
map.clear()
//Traversal method
map.keys()
map.values()
map.entries()
map.forEach()
//Map and array conversion
map = new Map([['key','val'],[2,1]]) //Require a two-member array
let arr = [...map]
//Note that Map keys are memory-bound
map.set([1], 's')
map.get([1])
let arr = [1]
let arr1 = [1]
map.set(arr, 's')
map.get(arr)
map.set(arr1, 's')
map.get(arr1)

 

Iterator

 

entries() return iterator: return key-value pairs

 

//array
const arr = ['a', 'b', 'c'];
for(let v of arr.entries()) {
  console.log(v)
}
// [0, 'a'] [1, 'b'] [2, 'c']

//Set
const arr = new Set(['a', 'b', 'c']);
for(let v of arr.entries()) {
  console.log(v)
}
// ['a', 'a'] ['b', 'b'] ['c', 'c']

//Map
const arr = new Map();
arr.set('a', 'a');
arr.set('b', 'b');
for(let v of arr.entries()) {
  console.log(v)
}
// ['a', 'a'] ['b', 'b']

 

2. values() returns the iterator: returns the value of the key-value pair

 

//array
const arr = ['a', 'b', 'c'];
for(let v of arr.values()) {
  console.log(v)
}
//'a' 'b' 'c'

//Set
const arr = new Set(['a', 'b', 'c']);
for(let v of arr.values()) {
  console.log(v)
}
// 'a' 'b' 'c'

//Map
const arr = new Map();
arr.set('a', 'a');
arr.set('b', 'b');
for(let v of arr.values()) {
  console.log(v)
}
// 'a' 'b'

 

3. keys() returns the iterator: returns the key of the key-value pair

 

//array
const arr = ['a', 'b', 'c'];
for(let v of arr.keys()) {
  console.log(v)
}
// 0 1 2

//Set
const arr = new Set(['a', 'b', 'c']);
for(let v of arr.keys()) {
  console.log(v)
}
// 'a' 'b' 'c'

//Map
const arr = new Map();
arr.set('a', 'a');
arr.set('b', 'b');
for(let v of arr.keys()) {
  console.log(v)
}
// 'a' 'b'

 

Although the three built-in iterator methods are listed above, there are also default iterators for different sets. In for of, the default iterators for arrays and sets are values(), and the default iterators for Map s are entries().

for of cyclic deconstruction

 

The object itself does not support iteration, but we can add a generator ourselves, return an iterator of key and value, and then deconstruct key and value with a for of loop.

 

const obj = {
  a: 1,
  b: 2,
  *[Symbol.iterator]() {
    for(let i in obj) {
      yield [i, obj[i]]
    }
  }
}
for(let [key, value] of obj) {
  console.log(key, value)
}
// 'a' 1, 'b' 2

 

String iterator

 

const str = 'abc';
for(let v of str) {
  console.log(v)
}
// 'a' 'b' 'c'

 

ES6 adds several new methods to the array: find(), find index (), fill(), copyWithin().

 

1. find(): Pass in a callback function, find the first element in the array that meets the current search rule, return it, and terminate the search.

 

const arr = [1, "2", 3, 3, "2"]
console.log(arr.find(n => typeof n === "number")) // 1

 

2. findIndex(): Pass in a callback function, find the first element in the array that meets the current search rules, return its subscript, and terminate the search.

 

const arr = [1, "2", 3, 3, "2"]
console.log(arr.findIndex(n => typeof n === "number")) // 0

 

3. fill(): Replace elements in an array with new elements, specifying the range of substitution subscripts.

 

arr.fill(value, start, end)

 

4. copyWithin(): Select a subscript of the array, copy the elements of the array from that location, and start copying from 0 by default. You can also specify the range of elements to be copied.

 

arr.copyWithin(target, start, end)

const arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
console.log(arr.copyWithin(3)) //[1,2,3,1,2] Starting with the element subscribed to 3, the array is copied, so 4,5 is replaced by 1,2.

const arr1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
console.log(arr1.copyWithin(3, 1)) //[1,2,3,2,3] Starting with the element subscribed to 3, replicate the array, specifying that the first element to be replicated is subscribed to 1, so 4,5 is replaced by 2,3

const arr2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
console.log(arr2.copyWithin(3, 1, 2)) //[1,2,3,2,5] Starting with the element with subscript 3, replicate the array, specifying that the subscript of the first element for replication is 1 and the end position is 2, so 4 is replaced by 2.

 

class, Promise and asynchronous programming, Proxy and Reflection API s in ES6 are more complex, and they will be written in detail later.

 

PS: It was written in such a hurry that there were inevitably some mistakes and omissions.